Codeine
Codeine is an pain-killer from the number of opioids. This team also includes morphine, drugs, and opium. The medication impact comes when Codeine functions on opiate receptors in the brain and side-line tissues thereby increasing the discomfort limit. Antitussive impact is achieved by reducing the understanding of the coughing middle thereby making the coughing become more rare or stop completely. The antidiarrheal impact of Codeine is realized when it functions on opioid receptors in the intestinal, which calms the muscular tissue of the intestinal, reduces the amount of activity of bolus, brings about spasm of all the sphincters of the digestive system, and as a result – leads to cessation of diarrhoea.
Indications
In clinical practice, the medication is used as an pain-killer. It is most effective for mild to moderate discomfort problem. It is used as an antitussive medication for dry and obsessive coughing (pneumonia, respiratory disease, emphysema). It is also used to decrease diarrhoea signs.
Side results of codeine
The following side effects may occur: intestinal problems, dry mouth, lack of craving for food, nausea, nausea or nausea, tiredness, headache, wooziness, fatigue, anxiety, psychological uncertainty, misunderstandings (including hallucinations and a feeling of inability to control someone’s actions, blurry perspective (such as double vision).
Rare part effects
Disorders of the abdomen and intestines: stomach discomfort, abdomen and stomach pain, biliary system spasm, decline of the intestinal (atony), and stomach impediment. Expansion and affected operate of the colon (toxic megacolon), whose symptoms consist of intestinal problems, stomach ache, nausea or nausea, abdomen pain, and nausea. There may also be harmful results on the liver organ.
Conditions of the central and side-line neurological program, feeling organs: unsettled rest and problems, withdrawal leading to convulsions, depressive disorders, with great dosage – limitation in the activity of muscular tissue, especially breathing muscular tissue. Also possible are unmanageable shaking and muscular twitching, tinnitus, visual incapacity, due to the deficiency of synchronized movements of the visitors. Constraint of the students and improved understanding to light are possible.
Cardiovascular program disorders: center arrhythmias, fast or less often slowly heartbeat, improve or lack of stress.
Respiratory program disorders: self-consciousness of the breathing middle to the extent of blockage of breathing, collapse of part of the lung.
Disorders of the renal system, ureters and bladder: decreased peeing, ureteral spasm (manifested by discomfort and difficulty peeing and regular urge to urinate); flood and deficiency of normal emptying of the renal.
Allergic reactions: skin allergy, cities, itching, inflammation of the face, bronchospasm, inflammation and sudden shrinkage of muscular tissue of the larynx (angioedema), complicated breathing, facial eliminating.
Reproductive program disorders: decreased potency and libido.
Others: perspiration, a false feeling of well being, a feeling of discomfort, excess weight.
Serious part effects
Bear in thoughts that long-term use of the medication may create medication dependancy. Using the medication in huge dosage may cause unconsciousness and breathing police arrest. There were situations of fatalities, especially among kids, due to the use of codeine. Deaths were also documented in adults who used Codeine after therapy of obstructive rest apnea.
Opioid pain killers decrease salivation and this can cause to corrosion, gum illness, and harm of oral mucosa by candida fungi.
Side results in children
Keep in thoughts that kids under 2 decades of age are more susceptible to the consequences of opioid pain killers. They can create peculiar responses – excitement and stress. There are documented fatalities in kids after surgery treatment related to the person features of conversion of Codeine in the body system.
Side results during maternity and breast-feeding
Strictly controlled and adequate studies on the use of Codeine during maternity have not been conducted. According to FDA category, the medication is assigned to CD category. This means that the part results of the medication on the unborn infant are proven, but the use of the medication is permitted when absolutely necessary. The degree of danger to the unborn infant depends on the stage of maternity. The use of Codeine during labor may cause setbacks in the delivery process. Getting Codeine during maternity can cause breathing depressive disorders and growth of medication dependancy in the unborn infant and newborn.
Codeine passes into breasts milk products. Therefore, if necessary, breast-feeding should be stopped before starting to use codeine.
Withdrawal syndrome
Prolonged use and unexpected stopping of the medication may cause drawback problem. The following signs may occur: shaking in the body system and a feeling of stress, insomnia, depression, depressive disorders, and weak point. Absence of craving for food, nausea or nausea, nausea, and diarrhoea. Increased perspiration, lacrimation, excessive nasal discharge, regular sneezing, and yawning. Dilated students, fever, pain, lack of fluids, affected pulse amount and changes in hypertension, breathing failing.
Use in sufferers with renal impairment
Excretion of Codeine is slowed down in individuals with renal incapacity. It is recommended to prolong the time between administration of Codeine dosage.
Use in seniors patients
In seniors sufferers, chemical modification and removal of the medication may be more slowly and therefore the use of lower dosage of Codeine may be required. Frequent and long-term use of Codeine increases the chance of hip bone injuries in the seniors.
Contraindications
Increased personal understanding to Codeine and other opioids;
Some form of diarrhoea (in the background of pseudomembranous colitis), harmful diarrhea;
Severe breathing depressive disorders, lung illnesses associated with breathing failure: bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive respiratory disease, pneumonia;
Alcohol inebriation, alcohol addiction, medication dependancy, taking once life propensities, psychological instability;
Children under 2 decades of age (under 1 year according to other sources). Many coughing syrups, such as codeine, are contraindicated for kids under 12 decades of age;
Pregnancy (especially I and III trimesters) and breastfeeding;
Traumatic injury to the brain, improved intracranial stress, withdrawal leading to convulsions,
Sharp lack of hypertension and center arrhythmias
Epilepsy
Severe renal and liver organ damage
The state recognized by difficult of blood vessels clots.
With caution: Serious stomach discomfort when the cause is not established, gallstone illness, surgery treatment on the digestive system and renal, lowering of the thyroid operate, serious inflammatory intestinal illness, prostate enlargement, and urethral reducing. In the critically ill, the weak, those with fatigue, in old age, in sufferers with multiple therapy with MAO inhibitors (drugs used for therapy of depressive disorders, stress and other diseases). In sufferers with myasthenia (muscle weak point may intensify).
Overdose
The chance of over amount is greatly enhanced when Codeine is taken with liquor or psychotropic medication. Overdose symptoms: serious weak point, cold sticky sweat, misunderstandings, wooziness, sleepiness, decreased stress, nausea or nausea, nausea, anxiety and stress, heart palpitations, less often slowly heartbeat, withdrawal leading to convulsions, low temperature, and constriction of the students. In serious situations – lack of awareness, breathing police arrest, and coma. There are data verifying the growth of acute renal and liver organ failing.
Warning and recommendations
During the period of therapy, one should refrain from intake of ethanol (alcohol). Codeine enhances the consequences of liquor, antipsychotics, tranquilizers, barbiturates, and drugs, and medication that are used for therapy of hypertension.
Exceeding the maximum daily amount does not cause to a noticeable improve in medication impact and is not advisable. The length of using the medication to ease acute discomfort is 5-7 days. With longer out of control use of the medication in great dosage, there is a dangerous of substance abuse developing.
It should be kept in mind that when taking medication, understanding to it declines with time but is quickly renewed after stopping therapy. Its re-use in previously permitted great amount can cause to death.
Codeine is found in many combination medicines for coughing and anaesthetic. Before use, carefully read the instructions. Codeine is a performance-enhancing medication, and is classified as a narcotic and potent medication. Traditions regulations in many countries prevent the importation of codeine-containing medication, such as some coughing syrups, without proper documents.
People who have recently had surgery treatment on the body parts of the renal should not take codeine.
Opioids such as Codeine can activate the release of catecholamines, which is undesirable for individuals with pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal glands).
The medication contains lactose and starch and therefore should be used with care by sufferers with hereditary lactose intolerance, lactase deficiency, and glucose-galactose malabsorption in the digestive system.
Effects on the automotive abilities and operate other machines: You should avoid potentially hazardous activities, and give up driving during therapy because of the possible inhibitory impact of the medication.
